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- ENDNOTE X7 WORD 2016 REPEATED CITATIONS SHORT TITLE MANUAL
- ENDNOTE X7 WORD 2016 REPEATED CITATIONS SHORT TITLE FULL
However, it is highly treatable, usually responding to treatment of the cause and to short courses of benzodiazepines (BZDs) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).Ĭatatonia is also underrecognized in older adults, something that in this population may lead to delayed treatment, misdiagnosis, adverse events, and even death. Its early recognition is important, as it is a potentially deadly syndrome. In patients older than 18 years, catatonia is mostly associated with affective disorders. In the former, catatonia is valued with the symptom specifier within the category “psychomotor symptoms” and, in the other two cases, as a secondary presentation form. This edition, approved in May 2019, considers that catatonia can be caused by mental disorders, psychoactive substances (including medications), and medical conditions.
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Based on a review of the available evidence published in recent decades and considering their clinical utility and global applicability, the International Classification of Diseases - 11 th Edition classifies catatonia as a new diagnostic group at the same hierarchical level as the other included disorders.
ENDNOTE X7 WORD 2016 REPEATED CITATIONS SHORT TITLE MANUAL
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Fifth Edition (DSM-5) classifies catatonia either as a specifier of all mental disorders, as secondary to a general medical condition (GMC), and as catatonia not otherwise specified for when the syndrome is identified but not yet their etiology. The contemporary concept of catatonia has evolved significantly. Prompt treatment of its cause is essential to ensure a good prognosis.Ĭatatonia is a psychomotor syndrome caused by physical illnesses, such as infections endocrine, metabolic, and neurologic disorders psychiatric conditions, mainly affective and psychotic and medications and other substances. Treatment with BZDs and electroconvulsive therapy is safe and effective. Age, together with other risk factors, was significantly associated with the incidence of deep venous thrombosis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome poor outcome, other complications and mortality. Older patients, compared to younger patients, have a higher risk of developing catatonia with benzodiazepine (BZD) withdrawal, in bipolar disorder, and in the general hospital. Catatonia in older patients is highly prevalent and tends to have a multifactorial etiology. We found several particular aspects of catatonia in this population. Overall, 173 articles were reviewed: 108 case reports, 35 case series, 11 prospective cohort studies, 6 case-control studies, 3 retrospective cohort studies and 10 reviews. Fourteen more articles were selected from the references.
ENDNOTE X7 WORD 2016 REPEATED CITATIONS SHORT TITLE FULL
A total of 210 articles underwent full text review, and 51 were eliminated for various reasons.
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Of the 879 identified abstracts, 669 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria.